Imyaka icumi ishize, igishushanyo mbonera cyari umupaka mushya ugereranije na UX. Mu kiganiro Smashing 2015, Nari muberekanye uburyo abimenyereza kwimuka bava mubyibanze cyane mukuzamura imikoreshereze no gukuraho ubushyamirane kugirango nabo bayobore abakoresha kugera kubyo bifuza. Ikibanza cyari cyoroshye: mugukoresha imitekerereze ya psychologiya, dushobora guhindura imyitwarire yabakoresha no gutwara ibisubizo nkabiyandikishije cyane, byihuta kandi bikungahaye kumurongo, hamwe no kugumana no kwishora hamwe. Nyuma yimyaka icumi, iryo sezerano ryagaragaye ko ari ukuri - ariko siko bimeze nkuko benshi muri twe babitekerezaga. Amakipe menshi yibicuruzwa aracyafite ibibazo bisanzwe bizwi: igipimo cyo hejuru cyane, gukora intege nke, hamwe nabakoresha guta mbere yo kubona agaciro kingenzi. Imikoreshereze yimikoreshereze ifasha, ariko ntabwo buri gihe ikemura icyuho cyimyitwarire yicaye munsi yubu buryo. Igishushanyo mbonera nticyacitse - cyarakuze. Uyu munsi, verisiyo yingirakamaro yiki gikorwa ikunze kwitwa igishushanyo mbonera: uburyo bwo guhuza uburambe bwibicuruzwa nabashoferi nyabo bimyitwarire yumuntu, hamwe nibitekerezo byimyitwarire. Byakozwe neza, birashobora kunoza ihinduka, kurangiza ubwato, gusezerana, no gukoresha igihe kirekire bitanyuze muri manipulation. Dore ibyo nzavuga:
Ni iki cyakomeje kuva mu myaka icumi ishize yo gushushanya; Ibidafashe, cyane cyane imipaka yuburyo-bwa mbere bwo gukina; Niki cyahindutse muburyo twigana imyitwarire, kuva imbarutso kugeza imiterere na sisitemu; Nigute wakoresha uburyo bugezweho bwimyitwarire kugirango utezimbere kuvumbura no gutekereza; Inzira ifatika yo kuyobora iki gikorwa nkitsinda, ukoresheje amahugurwa atanu yimyitozo ikurikirana, urashobora guhuza nibicuruzwa byawe.
Intego ntabwo ari ukongera amayeri menshi kubitabo byawe. Nukugufasha kubaka uburyo busubirwamo, busangiwe mugupima inzitizi zimyitwarire no gutegura ibisubizo bishyigikira intego zabakoresha nibisubizo byubucuruzi. Kwemeza ni kimwe n'uburiganya? Igishushanyo cyimyitwarire ntabwo kijyanye no gukubita inshyi uburiganya cyangwa "gukura hacks" kuri UI yawe. Nijyanye no gusobanukirwa nukuri gushoboza cyangwa kubangamira abakoresha bawe munzira yo kugera kuntego zabo hanyuma bagashiraho uburambe bubayobora kubitsinzi.
Igishushanyo mbonera cyimyitwarire nikibazo cyo guca icyuho hagati yabakoresha bashaka (kugera kuntego zabo, kumva agaciro) nicyo ubucuruzi bukeneye (activation, kugumana, kwinjiza), gushiraho umusaruro win-win aho UX nziza nibisubizo byiza byubucuruzi. Ariko kimwe nibikoresho byose bikomeye, birashobora gukoreshwa haba mubyiza nibibi. Itandukaniro riri mubyifuzo byabashushanyije. Bamwe mubashushanya bavuga ko badateza imbere igishushanyo mbonera cyangwa cyemeza, abandi bakavuga ko dukeneye kumva ibikoresho kugirango twige kubikoresha neza nuburyo dushobora byoroshye, kandi akenshi tutabishaka, kugwa mumutego wo guteza imbere lens idasanzwe. Niba tutamurikirwa, none dushobora gute guca imanza zerekana ibikorwa byiza n'ibibi? Niba tudasobanukiwe nuburyo psychologiya ikora, noneho tubuze ubumenyi bukenewe kugirango tubone aho tubogamiye. Niba tutumva ibi bikoresho, ntidushobora kubona igihe bikoreshejwe nabi. Itandukaniro riri hagati yo kujijuka no kubeshya nubushake, wongeyeho kubazwa. Nyuma yimyaka icumi, Twize iki? Mu ntangiriro ya za 2010, amakipe menshi yafataga igishushanyo mbonera gisa nkaho ari kimwe no gukina. Niba wongeyeho amanota, badge, hamwe nubuyobozi, wakoraga psychologiya. Kandi kugirango bibe byiza, abo bakanishi bo hejuru bakoraga mubihe bimwe, byibuze mugihe gito. Bashobora guhobera abantu binyuze kumurongo wogutwara cyangwa gushishikariza kwinjira kwinyongera. Ariko mu myaka icumi, imipaka yabo yarasobanutse. Iyo udushya tumaze gushira, inyinshi muri sisitemu zumvaga zidakabije. Abakoresha bize kwirengagiza imirongo idahuza n'ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gifatika cyangwa cyataye igihe bamenye ko umukino wimikino utabafasha kugera kuntego nyayo.
Aha niho igitekerezo cyo kwishyira ukizana cyahinduye bucece uburyo amakipe akomeye atekereza kubitera moteri. Itandukanya abashishikarijwe hanze, nkibihembo, amanota, na status, hamwe nabashoferi bimbere nkubwigenge, ubushobozi, nubusabane. Mu magambo make, niba "umukino wawe" urwanya ibyo abantu bitaho, amaherezo bizananirana. Ibikorwa byarokotse nibyo bishyigikira ibikenewe imbere. Ururimi rwiga rutuma wumva ko ushoboye kandi rwerekana iterambere rushobora gukora kuko rutuma ibikorwa byibanze byunvikana kandi bigacungwa. Ikirango kibaho gusa kugirango wimure umubare wibikoresho, kurundi ruhande, bihinduka vubaurusaku. Isomo rya 1: Kuva Byakosowe Byihuse Kugeza Ingamba Zimyitwarire Isomo rimwe ryingenzi kuva mu myaka icumi ishize ni uko igishushanyo mbonera cyimyitwarire itanga agaciro gakomeye iyo karenze ibirenze gukosorwa kandi bigahinduka ingamba nkana. Amakipe menshi yibicuruzwa atangirana nintego ntoya: kunoza igipimo cyo kwiyandikisha, kugabanya abamanutse, cyangwa kuzamura kugumana hakiri kare. Iyo plaque isanzwe ya UX, bahindukirira psychologiya kugirango bazamure vuba, akenshi hamwe nitsinzi. Amahirwe akomeye ntabwo arimwe kuzamuka hejuru kubipimo binangiye, ahubwo bifite uburyo bunoze bwo gusobanukirwa no gushiraho imyitwarire mubicuruzwa. Igishushanyo cyimyitwarire ntabwo kijyanye na hack.Ni gufasha abantu gutsinda.
Ibimenyetso bisanzwe biroroshye kumenya: abantu biyandikisha ariko ntibigera barangiza kubutaka; bakanda hafi rimwe ntibigera bagaruka; ibintu by'ingenzi bicara bidakoreshejwe. Ingamba zimyitwarire ntizibaza gusa "Niki dushobora guhindura kuriyi ecran?" Irabaza ibibera mumitekerereze yumukoresha n'imiterere muribyo bihe. Ibyo birashobora kugutera gukora igishushanyo mbonera gikoresha amatsiko n'ingaruka-iganisha ku ntego yo kuyobora abantu ku ntsinzi isobanutse ya mbere, aho kwizera ko basoma inyandiko ifasha. Cyangwa irashobora kukuyobora mugushakisha ubushakashatsi no kwiyemeza mugihe: gihamya mbonezamubano aho ifite akamaro koko, imbogamizi zikwiye zirambuye ariko ntizirenze, kumenyekanisha gutera imbere kuburyo ibintu byateye imbere byerekana mugihe abantu biteguye, kandi bikurura imbarutso mugihe gikwiye aho kuba inzitizi zidasanzwe. Ibicuruzwa byiza ntabwo byoroshye gukoresha gusa.Biroroshye kwiyemeza.
Ibicuruzwa bya psychologiya byavuye mubitekerezo bitatanye bijya mubitabo bikura byuburyo busubirwamo. Izi ngero zirabagirana gusa iyo zicaye imbere yimyitwarire yimyitwarire: ibyo abakoresha bagerageza kugeraho, ibibabuza, nibishobora gutuma ikipe izakurura kuri buri cyiciro. Kwiyoroshya byoroshye, byahumetswe na Thaler na Sunstein, byafashije kumenyekanisha imitekerereze yimyitwarire mugushushanya. Ariko twize kandi ko kwikinisha byonyine bidakemura ibibazo byimbitse byimyitwarire. Ingamba zimyitwarire iragenda ikomeza: ihuza amayeri, ikayashingira kubitekerezo bifatika, kandi igahuza ubushakashatsi nigitekerezo gisobanutse cyimpinduka. Intego ntabwo ari intsinzi imwe kumwanya wiki gihe, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo gukora buvanga mugihe. Isomo rya 2: Abakanishi b'imikino bonyine ntibihagije Abakanishi b'imikino bonyine ntibakiri ingamba zizewe zo kwitwara. Imyaka icumi irashize, wongeyeho amanota, badge, hamwe nubuyobozi bwabayobozi byari bigufi kuri "dukora psychologiya." Uyu munsi, amakipe menshi yamenye inzira igoye ko iyi ari imitako keretse niba ikenewe rwose. Uburyo bwimyitwarire butangirana nikibazo kitagaragara: Ni ubuhe buryo bw'imikino muri serivisi, kandi kuri nde? Bifasha abantu gutera imbere bibafitiye akamaro, cyangwa bikomeza gusa akanyabugabo? Niba yirengagije motifike yimbere, izasa nubwenge mumurongo wigice kandi ucike mubikorwa. Mu myitozo, bivuze ko ingingo n'imirongo bitafatwa nkizamuka ryikora ukundi. Amakipe abaza niba umukanishi afasha abayikoresha kumva ko bashoboye, barushijeho kugenzura, cyangwa bahujwe nabandi. Imirongo yumvikana gusa niba igaragaza iterambere ryukuri mubuhanga umukoresha yitaho. Ubuyobozi bwongerera agaciro gusa niba abantu bashaka kwigereranya nabo kandi niba urutonde rubafasha guhitamo icyakurikiraho. Niba itatsinze ibyo bizamini, ni akajagari, ntabwo moteri itera imbaraga. Inzira na badge bikora gusa iyo bashyigikiye ikintu abakoresha baha agaciro.
Ibicuruzwa byiza cyane noneho bitangirana kuruhande rwimbere. Basobanutse kubyo ibicuruzwa bifasha abakoresha guhinduka cyangwa kugeraho, hanyuma noneho ubaze niba umukanishi wumukino ashobora kongera urwo rugendo. Iyo ibintu byimikino byongeweho, babaho murwego rwibanze aho kuba hejuru yacyo. Bagaragaza ubuhanga, bagaragaza intego zingenzi, kandi bagashimangira intego zabo bwite. Ngiyo itandukaniro riri hagati yo gukina umukino nkakazi ko gusiga amarangi no kuyikoresha kugirango ushyigikire abakoresha munzira basanzwe bitaho. Isomo rya 3: Kuva Impamvu n'ingaruka Kuri Sisitemu Yuzuye Gutekereza Igishushanyo cyambere cyo kwemeza akenshi cyafashe logique yoroshye: shakisha intambwe yacitse, ongeraho iburyo, kandi abakoresha batera imbere. Nibyiza kumurongo, gake cyane mubyukuri. Abantu ntibakora kubwimpamvu imwe. Bafite imiterere, amateka, intego zo guhatanira, ibihe, igitutu cyigihe, ibibazo byo kwizerana, nibisobanuro bitandukanye byubutsinzi. Abakoresha babiri barashobora gutera intambwe imwe kubwimpamvu zitandukanye. Umukoresha umwe arashobora kwitwara ukundi kumunsi utandukanye.
Niyo mpamvu sisitemu yo gutekereza ifite akamaro. Imyitwarire irashizwehokubitekerezo byisubiramo no gutinda, ntabwo ari imbarutso imwe gusa. Ibisubizo twitaho, kwizera, ubushobozi, ningeso, byubatswe mugihe. Impinduka izamura ihinduka ryiki cyumweru irashobora gucogora ukwezi gutaha. Niba warigeze kohereza "gutsindira intsinzi" hanyuma ukareba amatike yingoboka, gusubizwa, cyangwa churn kuzamuka, wabyumvise. Ibipimo byaho byateye imbere. Sisitemu yarushijeho kuba mibi. Ibishushanyo byawe byubaka abantu cyangwa kubisanduku. Ibisanzwe, kugendagenda, ibitekerezo, kwihuta, ibihembo - buri cyemezo cyahinduye sisitemu bityo ingendo abantu banyuramo. Akazi rero ntabwo ari ugutunganya feri imwe. Nukubaka ibidukikije aho inzira nyinshi zemewe zishobora gutsinda, kandi aho sisitemu ishyigikira intego ndende, ntabwo gukanda mugihe gito. Akazi ntabwo ari ugutunganya umuyoboro umwe, ahubwo ni ugushyigikira inzira nyinshi zemewe.
Ingamba zimyitwarire ikuze irasobanutse kubyo. Yashizweho munzira nyinshi aho kuba "umunezero wuzuye," ishyigikira ubwigenge aho guhatira kubahiriza, kandi ireba ingaruka zo hasi aho guhinduka intambwe yambere gusa. Isomo rya 4: Kuva kuri Triggers to Context Ihinduka rimwe ryabaye murwego dukoresha. Imyaka icumi ishize, Moderi yimyitwarire ya Fogg (FBM) yari hose. Yahaye amakipe atatu yoroheje: motifike, ubushobozi, imbarutso - nubutumwa busobanutse: gutaka cyane hamwe nibisobanuro ntabwo bikosora motifike nke cyangwa ubushobozi buke. Ibyo byonyine byari kuzamura ingirakamaro. Ibikorwa bya Fogg wenyine byarakomeje, nabyo. Hamwe n'ingeso nto, intumbero ishingiye cyane kubiranga, amarangamutima, no gutuma imyitwarire yumva yoroshye kandi ifite intego. Ibyo birerekana impinduka nini mumurima: kure y "umuriro urenze urugero" no kugena ibidukikije aho imyitwarire iboneye yumva ari karemano. Amakipe yaje kwiruka kurukuta rumwe: ibisobanuro ntabwo bikosora ubushobozi buke cyangwa kubura amahirwe. Ntushobora gutesha abantu ubuhanga badafite cyangwa mubice bitabaho. Aho niho amakipe menshi akorana cyane no guhindura imyitwarire yakwegereye kuri COM-B nk'urufatiro rwuzuye.
COM-B ihagarika imyitwarire mubushobozi, amahirwe, no gushishikara. Bitangirana no kugenzura neza: abantu barashobora gukora ibi koko, kandi ibidukikije birabareka? Ikarita neza kubicuruzwa bigezweho, aho imyitwarire ibera mubikoresho, imiyoboro, nibihe, ntabwo biri kuri ecran imwe. Iracomeka kandi mugikorwa kinini cyo guhindura imyitwarire mubuzima na politiki rusange, ntabwo rero tugomba kuvugurura ibintu byose imbere muri UX. Gutekereza kuri ubu buryo bihindura amakipe kure yimpamvu zoroshye-ningaruka. Igabanuka ryikigereranyo ntikikiri "buto ni mbi" cyangwa "dukeneye kwibutswa byinshi," ahubwo ni ikibazo cyukuntu ubuhanga, imiterere, hamwe nubushake bikorana. Ikibazo cyubushobozi gishobora gukenera isura nziza nuburere bwiza. Ikibazo cyamahirwe gishobora kuba kijyanye no kubona ibikoresho, igihe, cyangwa ibidukikije, ntabwo ari imiterere. Motivation irashobora gushirwaho cyane kubiciro no kwizerana nkubutumwa ubwo aribwo bwose. Igishushanyo mbonera cyimyitwarire igezweho ntabwo ari ugukora gukanda nibindi bijyanye no gushiraho ibihe aho ibikorwa byumva byoroshye kandi bifite ireme.
Iyi lens yagutse nayo ituma imirimo ikora neza. Ibicuruzwa, igishushanyo, kwamamaza, hamwe namakuru arashobora gusangira icyitegererezo cyimyitwarire kandi akabona inshingano zabo muriyo. Abashushanya bashiraho ubushobozi n'amahirwe muburyo bwa interineti, uburyo bwo kwamamaza bwerekana ibintu bitera imbaraga kandi bigatera imbaraga, kandi ibikorwa bigira amahirwe yuburyo muri serivisi. Aho kugirango buriwese asunike levers ye wenyine, COM-B ifasha amakipe kubona ko akora mubice bitandukanye bya sisitemu imwe. Isomo rya 5: Imitekerereze irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugushushanya no gufata decode COM-B ikoreshwa nkikiraro hagati yubuvumbuzi nibitekerezo. Kuruhande rwo kuvumbura, itanga imiterere kubushakashatsi. Urashobora kuyikoresha mugushushanya ubuyobozi bwo kubaza, gusoma isesengura, no kumvikanisha ubushakashatsi bwo kureba. Yubatswe kugirango isuzume ibikenewe guhinduka kugirango imyitwarire ihindurwe, ikarita neza neza kubuvumbuzi bwambere. Ubuvumbuzi bwiza ntibubaza icyo abakoresha bavuga gusa, ahubwo busuzuma icyo imyitwarire yabo igaragaza.
Aho kubaza “Kuki waretse gukoresha ibicuruzwa?” no kwandika igisubizo cya mbere, ugenda nkana mubushobozi, amahirwe, na moteri. Urabaza ibintu nkibi:
Abakoresha barashobora gukora mubyukuri, ukurikije ubuhanga bwabo nubumenyi? Imirongo yabo yabafasha cyangwa ibabuza mubikorwa? Imbaraga zabo zingana iki ugereranije nibindi bisabwa kumwanya wabo namafaranga?
Wowegenda unyuze mubyabaye vuba aha muburyo burambuye: igikoresho bakoresheje, isaha yumunsi, ninde wundi wari hafi, nibindi bindi barimo gukina. Uravuga uburyo iyi myitwarire igereranijwe nibindi byose mubuzima bwabo nicyo bakora-bicuruzwa. Abitabiriye amahugurwa, ibi bibazo bumva ari ibisanzwe. Munsi ya hood, urimo gutwikira gahunda zose uko ari eshatu za COM-B, ukurikije uburyo abimenyereza guhindura imyitwarire bakoresha icyitegererezo mubikorwa byujuje ubuziranenge. Urashobora kureba amakuru yimyitwarire muburyo bumwe. Funnel yamanutse, umwanya kumurimo, no gukanda ibishushanyo nibimenyetso: abantu barumiwe kuberako badashobora gutera imbere, kuberako ibidukikije bigenda munzira, cyangwa kuberako batitaye bihagije kugirango bakomeze? Ibikoresho bigezweho byo gusesengura byoroha kureba ibyo abantu bakora mubyukuri kuruta ibyo batangaza gusa, kandi guhuza imibare yuzuye kandi yujuje ubuziranenge biguha ishusho yuzuye kuruta imwe yonyine. Iyo hari itandukaniro riri hagati yibyo abantu bavuga nibyo bakora, ubifata nkikimenyetso aho kurakara. Umuntu arashobora kuvuga ko kuzigama ikiruhuko cyiza ari ngombwa, ariko ntuzigere ushyiraho transfert isubirwamo. Umukoresha arashobora kuvuga ko kubutaka byari byoroshye, mugihe amasomo yabo yerekana inshuro nyinshi hagati yintambwe. Ibyo bidahuye akenshi usanga aho kubogama, ingeso, n'inzitizi z'amarangamutima ziba. Mugushiraho akamenyetso mubijyanye nubushobozi, amahirwe, nubushake, no kubahuza nimbogamizi zihariye nko kwirinda ingaruka, guhagarika ubumuga, kubogama kubogamye cyangwa kubogama kwubu, wimuka uva "ubushishozi" budasobanutse ujya kumurongo wuburyo bwukuri muburyo bwiza. Itandukaniro riri hagati yibyo abantu bavuga nibyo bakora ntabwo ari urusaku - ni ikarita.
Ibisohoka muburyo nkubu bwo kuvumbura ntabwo ari abantu ningendo gusa. Urabona kandi ibisobanuro bisobanutse byimyitwarire iriho, imyitwarire yintego, hamwe nimbogamizi zimyitwarire hamwe nababasha kwicara hagati yabo. Isomo rya 6: Koresha Kuvumbura Imyitwarire Mubitekerezo byawe Ikiraro kuva kuvumbura kugera kubitekerezo birashobora kuba interuro imwe yicyitegererezo: Kuva kumyitwarire igezweho kugeza kumyitwarire, mugukora X, kubera inzitizi Y.
Uku "kuva - kugeza - by - kuki" gushiraho amakipe kuvuga ibyo yemera mubyukuri. Ntabwo urimo kuvuga ngo "ongeraho urutonde." Uragira uti: “Turizera ko urutonde ruzafasha abakoresha bashya kumva ko bashoboye, ibyo bikaba byongera amahirwe yo kurangiza mu isomo ryabo rya mbere.” Noneho ni hypothesis yimyitwarire ushobora kugerageza nubushakashatsi, ntabwo ari igitekerezo cyo gushushanya gusa. Kuva aho, urashobora kubyara ibintu byinshi byerekana ihame rimwe muburyo butandukanye no gushushanya ibizengurutse. Urashobora kugerageza ubutumwa buke bwose bushingiye ku kwanga igihombo, cyangwa inzira nyinshi zo koroshya intambwe yo guterana hejuru, cyangwa uburyo butandukanye bwibimenyetso mbonezamubano bitandukanye mumajwi no hafi. Ihinduka ryingenzi nuko utagiterera ibitekerezo kurukuta. Urimo kwibasira nkana ubushobozi, amahirwe, cyangwa ibibazo byo gushishikara kuvumbura byagaragaye, no kugerageza ibyingenzi bikora murwego rwawe. Igitekerezo cyose kigomba gusubiza ikibazo kimwe: ni izihe nzitizi tugerageza guhindura?
Igihe kirenze, uku kuzenguruka hagati yubuvumbuzi bwimyitwarire nibitekerezo bihinduka igitabo gikinirwaho. Wiga ko mubicuruzwa byawe, amahame amwe afasha byimazeyo abakoresha bawe andi kugwa neza. Uriga kandi ko ibishushanyo biva murugero rwimikorere bidahita byimurwa. Ndetse no gukina no guhindura imyitwarire ubushakashatsi bushimangira imiterere-yihariye, abakoresha-bashyira mubikorwa kuruta ibisubizo rusange. Ubu buryo bubiri bwo gukoresha psychologiya mubuvumbuzi no mubitekerezo nimwe mumpinduka nini mumyaka icumi ishize. Ibicuruzwa bitatu bishobora kureba aho binangiye bikamanuka hanyuma bakabaza, hamwe, "Iki nikibazo, amahirwe, cyangwa ikibazo cyo gushishikara?" Noneho batanga ibitekerezo bigamije icyo gice cya sisitemu aho gukeka. Urwo rurimi rusangiwe rutuma igishushanyo cyimyitwarire idakorwa ninzobere yongeyeho ninzira zisanzwe zitsinda ryimikorere ihuza ibitekerezo kubikorwa byabo. Nyuma yimyaka icumi: Niki cyagaragaye gukora mubikorwa Niba imyaka icumi yambere yo gushushanya yatwigishije ikintu icyo aricyo cyose, ni uko ubushishozi bwimyitwarire buhendutse kugeza igihe itsinda rishobora kubikorera hamwe. Uburyo bufite akamaro. Igihe kirenze, urutonde ruto rwamahugurwa yagiye afasha amatsinda yibicuruzwa kuvumbura inzitizi zimyitwarire, guhuza amahirwe, no gutanga ibisubizo bishingiye kumitekerereze nyayo aho kuba imiterere. Nkuko igishushanyo cyimyitwarire cyakuze kiva mubitekerezo byuburyo bwa disipuline,ikibazo kigaragara gikomeza kuza: Nigute mubyukuri amakipe akora iki gikorwa hamwe mubikorwa? Nigute abashinzwe ibicuruzwa, abashushanya, abashakashatsi, naba injeniyeri bava mubitekerezo bitandukanye ("abantu basa nabayobewe hano") bakajya kwisuzumisha kumyitwarire basangiye, hanyuma bakerekeza kubitekerezo bigamije kwerekana imbaraga nyazo zubushobozi, amahirwe, nubushake? Inzira imwe ifatika yo gukora iyi beto ni muburyo bw'amahugurwa. Ikigamijwe ni ugufasha amakipe:
Sobanura ubushakashatsi ukoresheje lens imyitwarire, Ubushobozi bwo hejuru, amahirwe, hamwe nubushake buke, Shyira imbere amahirwe menshi-menshi, kandi Mubyare ibitekerezo byumvikana mubitekerezo kandi bitekerezwaho.
Igicuruzwa nyacyo gikora ni akajagari kandi kuzuye ibitekerezo; ntamuntu ukurikiza urutonde rwintambwe-ntambwe. Ariko kubwiga, na cyane cyane kwinjiza imiterere yimyitwarire mumakipe kunshuro yambere, urutonde rwimyitozo ngororamubiri iha abantu icyitegererezo cyubwenge. Irerekana urugendo kuva kuvumburwa hakiri kare kugera kumyitwarire isobanutse, kuva mumahirwe ujya mubitekerezo, hanyuma amaherezo yibikorwa byageragejwe na stress binyuze mumitekerereze myiza. Imyitozo ikurikira ni imwe muriyo resept. Itondekanya ni nkana: buri ntambwe yubakiye kubibanjirije kugirango tuvane mu mpuhwe no gushishoza tugana amahirwe yibanze, ibitekerezo bifatika, nibisubizo bishinzwe. Nta kipe izakurikiza inyuguti-nziza buri gihe, ariko irerekana uburyo imirimo yo gushushanya imyitwarire ikunda kugenda iyo igenda neza. Mbere yo kwibira muburyo burambuye, dore resept yuzuye nuburyo buri myitozo igira uruhare mugikorwa kinini cyo gushushanya imyitwarire:
Kwishyira mu mwanya w'Impuhwe MappingByubaka gusobanukirwa gusangiye imiterere yimitekerereze yumukoresha: amarangamutima, ingeso, imyumvire mibi, ninkomoko yo guterana amagambo. Ikarita Yurugendo Mapping Ikarita yumukoresha mugihe, kandi irengereye abadushoboza imyitwarire nimbogamizi. Gutanga amanota yimyitwarireIhitamo amahirwe yimyitwarire yo gukemura mbere ukurikije ingaruka, ibishoboka, nibimenyetso. Ibitekerezo Byambere, Ibishushanyo NyumaIshimangira imiterere-igitekerezo cya mbere, hanyuma ikoresha uburyo bwo kwemeza kunonosora no gushimangira ibitekerezo bitanga icyizere. Umwijima WukuriGusuzuma ingaruka zimyitwarire, ingaruka zitateganijwe, nibishobora gukoreshwa nabi.
Icyitonderwa ku gihe: Mu myitozo, uru rutonde rushobora gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bitewe nimbogamizi. Kuburyo bworoshye, amakipe akoresha imyitozo ya 1-3 mumahugurwa yumunsi, naho imyitozo ya 4-5 mugice cya kabiri cyumunsi. Hamwe nigihe kinini, umurimo urashobora gukwirakwira mugihe cyicyumweru cyose: synthesis yo kuvumbura hakiri kare mucyumweru, gushyira imbere icyumweru hagati, hamwe nibitekerezo wongeyeho gusubiramo imyitwarire igana kumpera. Imiterere ifite akamaro kuruta gahunda; intego ni ukuzigama iterambere ridasobanutse → gushyira imbere → ibitekerezo → gutekereza. Hasi nintambwe ngufi ya buri myitozo nkuko bisanzwe muborohereza mumahugurwa hamwe nisomero ryuburyo bwo kwemeza. Imyitozo ya 1: Ikarita yo Kwishyira mu mwanya Intambwe yambere nukubaka imyumvire isangiwe, imitekerereze ya psychologiya kubakoresha. Ikarita yimyitwarire yimyitwarire yerekana ikarita yimpuhwe gakondo wita kubyo abakoresha bagerageza, kwirinda, gusubika, kutumva nabi, cyangwa kumva badashidikanya. Ibi bimenyetso byimyitwarire idahwitse bikunze kwerekana ibirenze ibikenewe cyangwa ingingo zibabaza. Intego: Sobanukirwa niki gitera cyangwa gihagarika imyitwarire yintego ufata ibyo abakoresha batekereza, bumva, bavuga, kandi bakora - no kubona inzitizi zimyitwarire nabafasha. Intambwe:
Ku kibaho cyera cyangwa impapuro nini, shushanya ikarita yimpuhwe: Gutekereza & Kumva, Kubona, Kuvuga & Gukora, no Kumva.
Ongeraho ubushishozi mubushakashatsi ureke buriwese yongere yicecekeye inyandiko zifatika uhereye kubazwa, amakuru, ibiti byunganira, cyangwa kwitegereza muri quadrants. Ubushishozi bumwe kuri buri nyandiko. Menya inzitizi nizishoboza. Inyandiko zerekana zituma imyitwarire igorana (inzitizi) cyangwa yoroshye (ababishoboye).
Ibisohoka: Ikarita yibanze yingufu zo mumitekerereze hamwe nibisobanuro byerekana imyitwarire igamije, yiteguye kugaburira Mapping Yurugendo Mapping. Imyitozo ya 2: Gushushanya Urugendo rwimyitwarire Umaze gusobanukirwa imitekerereze yumukoresha n'imiterere, intambwe ikurikira ni ugushushanya uko izo mbaraga zikina mugihe cyose. Ikarita Yurugendo Ikarita yerekana intego zumukoresha, ibikorwa, amarangamutima, nibidukikije murugendo rwibicuruzwa, byerekana ibihe byihariye aho imyitwarire ikunda guhagarara cyangwa guhinduka. Bitandukanye namakarita yurugendo gakondo, verisiyo yimyitwarire yibanda aho ubushobozi bugabanuka, aho ibidukikije bikora kurwanya umukoresha, naho motifike igabanuka cyangwa amakimbiranehaguruka. Ibi bihinduka ibimenyetso hakiri kare aho impinduka zikenewe kandi zishoboka. Ibisohoka byerekana itsinda neza neza aho ibicuruzwa bisaba byinshi, aho abakoresha babuze inkunga, cyangwa aho hashobora gukenerwa imbaraga cyangwa gusobanuka. Intego: Shushanya intambwe kuva aho umukoresha atangirira yerekeza kumyitwarire yintego, hanyuma ufate urufunguzo rushoboka nimbogamizi munzira. Intambwe:
Shushanya umurongo utambitse kuva A (aho utangirira) kugeza kuri B (imyitwarire yintego).
Saba buri wese kwandika intambwe umukoresha atera kuva kuri A kugeza kuri B ku nyandiko zifatika (imwe kuri inoti). Shyiramo ibikorwa imbere no hanze yibicuruzwa. Shira inoti ukurikije umurongo. Huza duplicates hanyuma uhuze kumurongo usangiwe. Kwagura umurongo uhagaritse hamwe n'imirongo ibiri: Gushoboza (niki gishobora gufasha abakoresha gutera imbere), Inzitizi (zishobora gutinda cyangwa guhagarika abakoresha).
Shakisha intambwe hamwe na bariyeri nyinshi cyangwa abadushoboza. Ibi ni ahantu hashyushye. Shyira ahagaragara intambwe aho igituba cyiza gishobora gufasha abakoresha kurangiza urugendo.
Ibisohoka: Urugendo rusobanutse, rwibanze ku myitwarire yerekana aho abakoresha barwanira, impamvu, nibihe bihe bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo guhinduka. Imyitozo ya 3: Gutanga amanota Hamwe nishusho isobanutse yurugendo rwabakoresha nibihe bishobora kugirira akamaro ikiganza gifasha imyitwarire, ubu uriteguye kumenya imyitwarire yumvikana cyane kwibanda kubigerageza. Intego: Hitamo imyitwarire ishobora kuba intego ikwiye kwibanda kubanza, ukurikije ingaruka, koroshya impinduka, no koroshya gupima. Intambwe:
Andika imyitwarire ishobora kugerwaho. Ukurikije ibisohoka mu ikarita yerekana imyitwarire, urutonde imyitwarire ishobora kuba igamije. Imyitwarire imwe kuri buri nyandiko. Ba ibintu bifatika bishoboka (ibyo abakoresha bakora, aho, nigihe). Kora imbonerahamwe hamwe ninkingi zikurikira: Ingaruka zo guhindura imyitwarire (uko ishobora kwimura intego), Ubworoherane bwimpinduka (burya ni ibintu bifatika), Kuborohereza gupima (uburyo bworoshye gukurikirana).
Imyitwarire ishobora kuba intego Ingaruka zo guhindura imyitwarire Kuborohereza impinduka Kuborohereza gupima Igiteranyo … … …
Injira buri myitwarire kurutonde mumeza hanyuma utange amanota kuva 0 kugeza 10 muri buri nkingi. Shungura imyitwarire ukurikije amanota yose hanyuma uganire kubatsinze amanota menshi: Birumvikana ukurikije ibyo uzi kubakoresha n'imbogamizi? Hitamo imyitwarire yibanze wifuza gukora mumyitozo ikurikira. Ubundi, andika "imyitwarire ya bonus" ishobora gukurikira nkingaruka.
Ibisohoka: Gitoya yimyitwarire yibanze yibanze hamwe nimpamvu isobanutse yimpamvu zifite akamaro ubu, nurutonde rwimyitwarire yo hasi-ushobora gusubiramo nyuma. Imbonerahamwe Yuzuye Imyitwarire Yerekana amanota ashobora kumera gutya:
Imyitwarire ishobora kuba intego Ingaruka zo guhindura imyitwarire Kuborohereza impinduka Kuborohereza gupima Igiteranyo Umukoresha arangiza kurutonde rwibisobanuro byambere. 8 6 9 23 Umukoresha atumira byibuze mugenzi wawe muminsi 7. 9 4 8 21 Umukoresha areba amashusho yuzuye yibicuruzwa. 4 7 6 17 Umukoresha asoma ubufasha bwinyandiko mugihe cyubwato. 3 5 4 12
Muri iki kibazo, urutonde rwuzuza rugaragara nkibintu byibanze byibanze byibanze: bifite ingaruka nyinshi, bigira ingaruka nziza muburyo bwo guhindura ibishushanyo, kandi birashobora gupimwa byizewe. Gutumira mugenzi wawe birashobora kuba ingenzi, ariko birashobora gusaba impinduka nini zirenze igishushanyo mbonera, bikagira intego ya kabiri. Imyitozo ya 4: Ibitekerezo Byambere, Ibishushanyo Nyuma Itsinda rimaze kumvikana ku myitwarire ifite akamaro, ingaruka zikurikira ni ugusimbuka vuba vuba mumayeri amenyerewe. Rimwe mu masomo asobanutse neza ni uko guhera kuri "icyitegererezo" akenshi biganisha ku bisubizo rusange byumva ubwenge ariko bikananirana. Uyu mwitozo utandukanya nkana igitekerezo cyo gutekereza kubitekerezo. Intego: Tanga ibisubizo bishingiye kumiterere yabakoresha mbere, hanyuma ukoreshe amahame ya psychologiya kugirango ukarishye kandi ubishimangire. Intambwe:
Tangira usubiramo imyitwarire yibanze hamwe ninzitizi nyamukuru yagaragaye mugiheikarita y'urugendo. Komeza ibi bigaragara mumyitozo. Noneho uhe itsinda idirishya ryibitekerezo (iminota 10-15) .Itegeko hano riroroshye: ntaho bihuriye nicyitegererezo cyimyitwarire, kubogama kwubwenge, cyangwa uburyo bwo kwemeza. Ibitekerezo bigomba kuva muburyo butaziguye kubakoresha, imbogamizi, nibihe byagaragaye mbere. Kusanya ibitekerezo hejuru yubusabane hamwe nitsinda risa. Shakisha inzira nyinshi zo gukemura ikibazo kimwe cyihishe (ubahuze hamwe). Gusa ubu uratangiza isomero ryamahame nubuhanga. Nateje imbere uburyo bwo kwemeza kubwiyi ntego nyayo. Intego yiyi ntambwe ntabwo ari ugusimbuza ibitekerezo, ahubwo ni ukunonosora:
Ni ibihe bitekerezo byakomezwa no kugabanya ubushyamirane? Ninde ushobora kungukirwa nibitekerezo bisobanutse, ibimenyetso byimibereho, cyangwa igihe cyiza? Hariho ubundi buryo bwo kugera ku ngaruka zimwe mu cyubahiro cyangwa kurushaho? Ibishushanyo bikoreshwa nka lens, ntabwo byandikirwa. Niba icyitegererezo kidatezimbere, ikigo, cyangwa akamaro muriki gice, birengagijwe.
Ibisohoka: Urutonde rutunganijwe rwibisubizo rushingiye kumurongo wukuri wumukoresha kandi ushyigikiwe, aho bikenewe, namahame yimyitwarire aho gutwarwa nabo. Uru ruhererekane rufasha amatsinda kwirinda "igishushanyo-cyambere," aho ibitekerezo bihindurwa-bigahuza ibitekerezo aho gukemura ibibazo nyabyo byabantu. Imyitozo ya 5: Ukuri kwijimye Mbere yuko ibitekerezo bihinduka mubigeragezo cyangwa byoherejwe, bakeneye ikizamini cya nyuma. Ntabwo ari ibishoboka cyangwa ibipimo, ahubwo ni imyitwarire. Mu myaka yashize, iyi ntambwe yagaragaye ko ikomeye. Ibisubizo byinshi byemeza byerekana gusa ibibi byabyo mugihe utekereza ko bakora neza, cyangwa gukoreshwa mumaboko atariyo, cyangwa gukoreshwa kumunsi mubi numuntu mubi. Intego: Ingaruka zimyitwarire yimyitwarire, ingaruka zitateganijwe, nibishobora gukoreshwa nabi mbere yo kubishyira mubikorwa. Intambwe:
Fata kimwe cyangwa bibiri mubitekerezo bikomeye uhereye kumyitozo ibanza. Tekereza ibintu bibi cyane usaba itsinda guhindura nkana: Byagenda bite se niba umunywanyi yaradukoresheje? Byagenda bite niba ibi byambaye abakoresha mugihe bahangayitse, bananiwe, cyangwa bafite intege nke? Bigenda bite iyo ibi bikora inshuro nyinshi mumezi, atari rimwe? Ibi birashobora gutera igitutu, kwicira urubanza, cyangwa kwishingikiriza?
Gufata impungenge zijyanye n'ubwigenge, kwizerana, kurenganura, kutabangikanya, cyangwa imibereho myiza y'igihe kirekire. Kuri buri kaga, shakisha uburyo bwo koroshya cyangwa kuringaniza ingaruka: Intego isobanutse cyangwa gukorera mu mucyo, Inshuro ntoya cyangwa igihe cyoroheje, Guhitamo neza, Inzira zindi.
Ibitekerezo bimwe byahinduwe. Bamwe barahagarara.Bamwe barokoka neza, ariko ubu bafite ikizere kinini.
Ibisohoka: Ibisubizo byageragejwe muburyo bwimyitwarire, hamwe nibibazo bizwi byemewe kandi byoroheje aho kwirengagizwa. Kubaka Amagambo asangiwe kubicuruzwa bya psychologiya Amakipe yunguka byinshi muburyo bw'imyitwarire gake afite "impuguke ya psychologiya." Ahubwo, itsinda ryabo risangiye amagambo hafi ya psychologiya yibicuruzwa kandi izi kuvugana hafi yikibazo cyabakiriya imyitwarire. Amagambo asangiwe ahindura psychologiya mumirimo ikora.
Iyo imiterere n'amahame bisangiwe:
Ibicuruzwa, igishushanyo, ubwubatsi, no kwamamaza birashobora kuvuga kubyerekeye imyitwarire utavuganye kera. Ubushishozi bwo kuvumbura bworoshye kubisobanura kuko inzitizi zisanzwe hamwe nabashoferi bafite amazina. Ibitekerezo birashobora gushirwaho nkibitekerezo byimyitwarire (“twizera ko ibi bizongera ubushobozi bwambere…”) aho gutekereza neza.
Icyegeranyo cya Persuasive Patterns cyakuze kuva gikenewe: guha amakipe ururimi rumwe hamwe nurugero rufatika rwingero zo kwerekana. Byaba bikoreshwa nk'igicapo cyacapwe mu mahugurwa cyangwa nk'urwego rurerure mu gihe cya buri munsi, intego ni imwe: kora psychologue y'ibicuruzwa ikintu itsinda ryose rishobora kubona no kuganira. Igishushanyo cyemeza cyakorwaga nkumufuka wamayeri. Uyu munsi, akazi gasa nkaho:
Ubukanishi bwimikino bukoreshwa mugushigikira moteri yimbere, ntabwo itwara ibikorwa byubusa. Ibikorwa nka COM-B hamwe na sisitemu yo gutekereza ifasha amakipe kubona imyitwarire murwego, ntabwo ari imbarutso imwe. Ubushishozi bwimyitwarire bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kuvumbura no gutekereza, ntabwo ari umunota wanyuma wimpinduka. Imyitwarire ni igice cyigishushanyo kigufi, ntabwo ari igitekerezo.
Intambwe ikurikira ntabwo irushijeho kuba nziza. Ni imyitozo itunganijwe neza: uburyo bworoshye, imvugo isangiwe, hamwe n'ingeso yo kubaza ngo "Ni iki mu by'ukuri mu buzima bw'abakoresha bacu hano?" Niba utangiye wibanda kukibazo kimwe cyimyitwarire, koresha imyitozo ibiri muriyi ngingo,kandi uhe itsinda ryanyu uburyo busangiwe bwo kwerekana, usanzwe ukora imyitozo yemeza muburyo yagiye ihinduka mumyaka icumi ishize: ishingiye kubimenyetso, yubaha abakoresha, kandi igamije ibisubizo bifite akamaro kumpande zombi za ecran.
