Uvavanyo lwe-Automated Public Turing ukuxelela iiKhompyutha kunye noBuntu ngokwahlukeneyo (CAPTCHA) sele igxininise ekukhangelweni kwe-intanethi ukususela ekubeni iikhomputha zomntu ziye zafumana amandla kwimarike yomthengi wombane. Phantse ixesha elide abantu behamba kwi-intanethi, abaphuhlisi bewebhu baye bafuna iindlela zokuvala i-spam bots. Inkonzo yeCAPTCHA yahlula phakathi komsebenzi womntu kunye ne-bot ukugcina i-bots ngaphandle. Ngelishwa, iindlela zayo zingaphantsi kokuchaneka. Ekuzameni ukukhusela abantu, abaphuhlisi benze ukuba uninzi lwewebhu lungafikeleleki kubantu abakhubazekileyo.
Iindlela zokuqinisekisa, ezifana neCAPTCHA, ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa ukuhlelwa kwemifanekiso, iipuzzle, iisampulu zomsindo, okanye iimvavanyo ezisekelwe ngokucofa ukujonga ukuba umsebenzisi ungumntu. Ngelixa iintlobo zemingeni zibhalwe kakuhle, ingqiqo yazo ayilolwazi loluntu. Abantu banokuqikelela kuphela ukuba kuthatha ntoni “ukubonakalisa” ukuba bangabantu.
Yintoni iCAPTCHA? I-CAPTCHA luvavanyo lwe-Reverse Turing oluthatha uhlobo lovavanyo lokuphendula umngeni. Umzekelo, ukuba iyalela abasebenzisi ukuba "bakhethe yonke imifanekiso enezitebhisi," kufuneka bakhethe izitebhisi ukusuka kwiirailings, driveways, kunye ne-crosswalks. Kungenjalo, banokucelwa ukuba bafake isicatshulwa abasibonayo, bongeze isixa sobuso bedayisi, okanye bagqibezele iphazili yesilayidi. I-CAPTCHA esekelwe kumfanekiso inoxanduva lwamava amaninzi adidayo abelana ngawo abasebenzisi be-intanethi - ukugqiba ukuba ukhethe isikwere xa kukho i-sliver encinci yento ekuthethwa ngayo kuyo.
Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, ikhompyuter okanye i-algorithm ekugqibeleni igqiba ukuba ngaba umvavanyi ungumntu okanye umatshini. Le nkonzo yokuqinisekisa ivelise amahlumela amaninzi, kuquka i-reCAPTCHA kunye ne-hCAPTCHA. Ide yakhokelela ekudalweni kweenkampani zonke, ezinje ngeGeeTest kunye neArkose Labs. Inkqubo ezenzekelayo elawulwa nguGoogle i-reCAPTCHA ifuna ukuba abasebenzisi bacofe ibhokisi yokukhangela ebhalwe "Andiyorobhothi" ukuze ingqinisiswe. Iqhuba uhlalutyo oluguquguqukayo ngasemva ukunika inqaku lomngcipheko. I-hCAPTCHA yenye indlela esekwe kuhlelo lwemifanekiso. Ezinye iindlela zokuqinisekisa zibandakanya ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezininzi (i-MFA), iikhowudi ze-QR, iinombolo zokuzazisa zethutyana (ii-PINs), kunye ne-biometrics. Abayilandeli ifomyula yokuphendula umngeni, kodwa banikezela ngeenjongo ezifanayo. Ezi zihluma zenzelwe ukuba zibengcono kunezokuqala, kodwa zihlala zisilela ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yangoku yokufikeleleka. Thatha i-hCaptcha, umzekelo, esebenzisa icookie ukukuvumela ukuba udlule uvavanyo lokuphendula umngeni ngokupheleleyo. Ingumbono omkhulu kwithiyori, kodwa ayisebenzi ekusebenzeni. Kuya kufuneka ufumane ikhowudi yexesha elinye nge-imeyile oyithumelayo kwinombolo ethile ngeSMS. Abasebenzisi baxela ukuba bafumana imilayezo yephutha engapheliyo, ebanyanzela ukuba bazalise itekisi eqhelekileyo yeCAPTCHA. Oku kufumaneka kuphela ukuba isiza siyenze ngokucacileyo ngexesha loqwalaselo. Ukuba ayimiselwanga, kufuneka ugcwalise umngeni womfanekiso ongaqapheli izifundi zesikrini. Nokuba inkqubo yokuqala isebenza, ukuqinisekiswa okulandelayo kuxhomekeke kwikuki yeqela lesithathu, apho uninzi lwezikhangeli zivimba ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwakhona, ikhowudi iphelelwa emva kwexesha elifutshane, ngoko kufuneka uphinde wenze yonke inkqubo ukuba kukuthatha ixesha elide ukuqhubela phambili kwisinyathelo esilandelayo. Kutheni Amaqela Asebenzisa iCAPTCHA kunye neendlela ezifanayo zokuQinisekisa? I-CAPTCHA iqhelekile kuba kulula ukuseta. Abaphuhlisi bangayicwangcisa ukuba ivele, kwaye iqhuba uvavanyo ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngale ndlela, banokugxila kwimiba ebaluleke ngakumbi ngelixa bethintela ugaxekile, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhatshazwa. Ezi zixhobo kufanele zenze kube lula ebantwini ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ngokukhuselekileyo, kodwa zihlala zibagcina abantu bokwenyani ukuba bangangeni. Ezi mvavanyo zikhokelela kumava omsebenzisi ahlwempuzekileyo ngokubanzi. Olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba abasebenzisi bachithe ngaphezulu kwe-819 yezigidi zeeyure ngaphezulu kwe-512 yeebhiliyoni zeeseshini ze-reCAPTCHA v2 ukusukela ngo-2023. Ngaphandle kwayo yonke loo nto, i-bots iyaphumelela. Iimodeli zokufunda ngoomatshini zinokucombulula iCAPTCHA esekwe kwisicatshulwa ngaphakathi kwamaqhezu okwesibini ngokuchaneka okungaphezulu kwe-97%. Uphononongo lwe-2024 kwi-Google ye-reCAPTCHA v2 - esasetyenziswa ngokubanzi nangona ukukhutshwa kwe-reCAPTCHA v3 - ifunyenwe i-bots inokusombulula ukuhlelwa komfanekiso weCAPTCHA ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100% ngokuchanekileyo, kuxhomekeke kwinto abanikwe umsebenzi wokuchonga. Abaphandi basebenzise imodeli yasimahla, evulekileyo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abadlali ababi banokuphinda bawuphindaphinde umsebenzi wabo. Kutheni kufuneka abaPhuhlisi bewebhu bayeke ukusebenzisa iCAPTCHA? Iindlela zokuqinisekisa ezifana neCAPTCHA zinengxaki yokufikeleleka. Inkqubela-phambili yokufunda koomatshini inyanzelise ezi nkonzo ukuba zikhule ngokuntsonkotha. Nangona kunjalo, azikho izibhanxa. Iibhots ziyafumanailungile kunabantu. Uphando lubonisa ukuba banokugqiba i-reCAPTCHA kwimizuzwana eyi-17.5, bazuze ukuchaneka kwama-85%. Abantu bathatha ixesha elide kwaye abachanekanga kangako. Abantu abaninzi bayasilela kwiimvavanyo zeCAPTCHA kwaye abazi ukuba yintoni abayenzileyo engalunganga. Umzekelo, ukukhawuleza ukuyalela abasebenzisi ukuba "bakhethe zonke izikwere ezinezibane zendlela" kubonakala kulula ngokwaneleyo, kodwa kuba nzima ukuba i-sliver yepali ikwesinye isikwere. Ngaba bafanele bakhethe loo bhokisi, okanye ngaba oko kuya kwenziwa yi-algorithm? Nangona amandla e-bot akhule ngobungakanani, abantu bahlala befana. Njengoko uvavanyo lusiya lusiba nzima ngakumbi, baziva bengathandi ukuluzama. Olunye uphando lubonisa phantse i-59% yabantu baya kuyeka ukusebenzisa imveliso emva kwamava amaninzi amabi. Ukuba ukuqinisekiswa kunzima kakhulu okanye kunzima, banokuyeka ukusebenzisa iwebhusayithi ngokupheleleyo. Abantu banokungaphumeleli kolu vavanyo ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nezobuchwephesha. Ukuba bavimba iikuki zomntu wesithathu, bane-proxy yasekhaya esebenzayo, okanye abakhange bahlaziye isikhangeli sabo okwethutyana, banokuqhubeka besilela, nokuba bazama kangaphi na. Imiba yoQinisekiso ngeCAPTCHA Ngenxa yezizathu ezikhankanywe ngasentla, uninzi lweentlobo zeCAPTCHA azifikeleleki ngokwendalo. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kubantu abakhubazekileyo, njengoko olu vavanyo lokuphendula umngeni aluzange luyilwe ngeemfuno zabo engqondweni. Eminye yemiba eqhelekileyo iquka oku kulandelayo: Imiba eNxulumene neMiboniso kunye nokuSetyenziswa koMfundi weSkrini Izifundi zesikrini azikwazi ukufunda iiCAPTCHA ezibonwayo eziqhelekileyo, ezinjengovavanyo lokubhaliweyo olugqwethiweyo, kuba amagama adityanisiweyo, agqwethiweyo akafundeki ngomatshini. Ukuhlelwa komfanekiso kunye neendlela zephazili ezityibilikayo azifikeleleki ngokufanayo. Kolunye uphando lweWebAIM oluqhutywe ukusuka kwi-2023 ukuya kwi-2024, abasebenzisi bokufunda isikrini bavumile ukuba iCAPTCHA yeyona nto inengxaki, ukuyibeka ngaphezu kwamakhonkco angaqondakaliyo, utshintsho olungalindelekanga lwesikrini, isicatshulwa esilahlekileyo se-alt, ukukhangela okungafikelelekiyo, kunye nokungabikho kokufikeleleka kwekhibhodi. Indawo yayo ephezulu ihleli ingatshintshanga kakhulu kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi, ebonisa imbali yayo yokungafikeleleki. Imiba eNxulumene nokuMamela kunye nokuPhathwa kweAudio I-Audio CAPTCHAs ayiqhelekanga kuba ezona ndlela zingcono zophuhliso lwewebhu zicebisa ngokuchasene ne-autoplay audio kwaye igxininise ukubaluleka kolawulo lwabasebenzisi. Nangona kunjalo, iiCAPTCHA zomsindo zisekho. Abantu abangeva kakuhle okanye abangevayo ngeendlebe banokudibana nomqobo xa bezama ezi mvavanyo. Nokuba kungetekhnoloji encedisayo, ukugqwethwa komsindo ngabom kunye nengxolo yangasemva kwenza ezi sampuli zibe ngumngeni kubantu abanokuphazamiseka kokuvalelwa ukuba baqonde. Imiba eNxulumene neMoto kunye neDexterity Uvavanyo olufuna izakhono zemoto kunye ne-dexterity lunokuba ngumngeni kwabo banokukhubazeka kwemoto okanye ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba. Umzekelo, umntu ongcangcazela ngesandla unokufumana iiphazili ezityibilikayo zinzima. Kwakhona, iimvavanyo zokuhlelwa kwemifanekiso ezilayisha imifanekiso emininzi de ingabikho ehambelana nemilinganiselo eseleyo inokubangela umngeni. Imiba eNxulumene nengqiqo kunye noLwimi Njengoko iiCAPTCHA zisiya zisiba nzima, abanye abaphuhlisi baguqukela kwiimvavanyo ezifuna indibaniselwano yokuyila kunye nokucinga okubalulekileyo. Ezo zifuna abasebenzisi ukuba basombulule ingxaki yezibalo okanye bagqibezele iphazili inokuba ngumceli mngeni kubantu abane-dyslexia, i-dyscalculia, ukuphazamiseka kokubonwayo, okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Kutheni iTekhnoloji yoNcedo ingayi kuwuvala umsantsa IiCAPTCHA ziyilelwe ngabom ukuba abantu batolike kwaye basombulule, ngoko ke itekhnoloji encedisayo efana nezifundi zesikrini kunye nolawulo olungenazandla lunokuba luncedo oluncinci. I-ReCAPTCHA ngokukodwa ibeka umba kuba ihlalutya umsebenzi ongasemva. Ukuba ifakela ifulegi izixhobo zokufikeleleka njenge-bots, iya kusebenzisa iCAPTCHA enokungafumaneki. Nokuba le teknoloji inokuvala umsantsa, abaphuhlisi bewebhu akufanele balindele. Imigangatho yoshishino iyalela ukuba balandele imigaqo yoyilo jikelele ukwenza iiwebhusayithi zabo zifikeleleke kwaye zisebenze kangangoko. Imiba yokufikeleleka kweCAPTCHA inokuxolelwa ukuba ibiyisixhobo esisebenzayo sokhuseleko, kodwa ikude nobudenge kuba iibots ziyifumana ilungile kunabantu. Kutheni uqhubeka usebenzisa indlela engasebenziyo nedala imiqobo kubantu abakhubazekileyo? Kukho ezinye iindlela ezingcono. Imigaqo yoQinisekiso oluFikelelekayo Umbono wokuba abantu kufuneka baqhubeke besebenza ukodlula i-algorithms iphelelwe lixesha. Iindlela ezingcono zokungqinisisa zikhona, ezifana ne-multifactor authentication (MFA). Imakethi yokuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezimbini iya kuba nexabiso eliqikelelwa kwi-26.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2027, igxininisa ukuthandwa kwayo. Esi sixhoboiyasebenza ngakumbi kuneCAPTCHA kuba ikhusela ukufikelela okungagunyaziswanga, nokuba kukho iziqinisekiso ezisemthethweni.
Qinisekisa ukuba ubuchule bakho be-MFA buyafumaneka. Endaweni yokuba neendwendwe zewebhusayithi zibhala iikhowudi ezinzima, kuya kufuneka uthumele izaziso zokutyhala okanye imiyalezo yeSMS. Thembela kwikhowudi yokuqinisekisa ukuzaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze ubambe ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye ufake ikhowudi. Kungenjalo, ungazisa inqaku elithi "khumbula esi sixhobo" ukutsiba uqinisekiso lwezixhobo ezithembekileyo. Indlela yokuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezimbini ze-Apple yenziwe ngolu hlobo. Isixhobo esithembekileyo sibonisa ngokuzenzekelayo ikhowudi yokuqinisekisa enamanani amathandathu, ngoko akufuneki bayikhangele. Xa ucelwa, abasebenzisi be-iPhone banokucofa ingcebiso ebonakala ngaphezulu kwekhibhodi yabo yeselula ukuze igcwalise ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ukungena omnye lolunye ukhetho. Le seshoni kunye nenkonzo yokuqinisekiswa komsebenzisi ivumela abantu ukuba bangene kwiiwebhusayithi ezininzi okanye izicelo kunye nesethi enye yeempawu zokungena, ukunciphisa imfuno yokuqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo isazisi. Ukusetyenziswa kwaxeshanye "amakhonkco omlingo" yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo ye-reCAPTCHA kunye nee-PIN zethutyana. Kunokuba ukhumbule ikhowudi okanye ucombulule iphazili, umsebenzisi ucofa iqhosha. Kuphephe ukumisela imihla ebekiweyo kuba, ngokweKrayitheriya yeMpumelelo yeWCAG 2.2.3, abasebenzisi akufuneki bajongane nemida yexesha njengoko abo bakhubazekileyo banokufuna ixesha elingaphezulu lokugqiba amanyathelo athile. Kungenjalo, unokusebenzisa Cloudflare Turnstile. Iqinisekisa ngaphandle kokubonisa iCAPTCHA, kwaye abantu abaninzi abanakuze bajonge ibhokisi okanye babethe iqhosha. Isoftware isebenza ngokukhupha umceli mngeni omncinci weJavaScript ngasemva kwezigcawu ukwahlula ngokuzenzekelayo phakathi kwe-bots kunye nabantu. I-Cloudflare Turnstile inokufakwa kuyo nayiphi na iwebhusayithi, iyenze ibe yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo kwimisebenzi yolwahlulo oluqhelekileyo. Uvavanyo kunye noVavanyo lweZiyilo zoQinisekiso oluFikelelekayo Ukuvavanya kunye nokuvavanya iindlela zakho zokuqinisekisa ezifikelelekayo zibalulekile. Uyilo oluninzi lukhangeleka lulungile ephepheni kodwa alusebenzi ngokuziqhelanisa. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, qokelela ingxelo evela kubasebenzisi bokwenene. I-beta evulekileyo inokuba yindlela esebenzayo yokwandisa ukubonakala. Khumbula, imiba yokufikeleleka ngokubanzi ayisebenzi kubantu abakhubazekileyo kuphela. Bakwabandakanya abo baneurodivergent, abangenakufikelela kwisixhobo esiphathwayo, okanye abasebenzisa itekhnoloji yokuncedisa. Qinisekisa ukuba uyilo olulolunye luqwalasela aba bantu.
Ngokwenyani, awukwazi ukwenza inkqubo egqibeleleyo kuba wonke umntu wahlukile. Abantu abaninzi bayasokola ukulandela iinkqubo zamanyathelo amaninzi, ukusombulula iiequations, inkqubo yemiyalelo entsonkothileyo, okanye ukukhumbula iipasikhowudi. Ngelixa imigaqo yoyilo lwewebhu yendalo yonke inokuphucula ukuguquguquka, akukho sisombululo esinye sinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu bonke. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela yokuqinisekisa oyisebenzisayo, kuya kufuneka ubonise abasebenzisi ngeendlela ezininzi zokuqinisekisa ngaphambili. Bazazi kakuhle izakhono zabo, ngoko ke mabathathe isigqibo malunga nokuba basebenzise ntoni endaweni yokuzama ukwenza ngaphezulu-injineli isisombululo esisebenza kuwo onke amacala. Yazisa iNgxaki yokuFikelela ngoTshintsho loYilo Umntu onezandla ezingcangcazelayo usenokungakwazi ukugqiba iphazili etyibilikayo, ngelixa umntu onengxaki yokulungisa iaudio anokuba nengxaki ngeesampulu zeaudio ezigqwethekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, awukwazi ukususa ngokulula iiCAPTCHA ngezinye iindlela ngenxa yokuba zihlala zingafikeleleki ngokulinganayo. Iikhowudi ze-QR, umzekelo, kunokuba nzima ukuskena abo banolawulo oluncitshisiweyo lwemoto. Abantu abangaboni kakuhle banokusokola ukuyifumana kwiscreen. Ngokufanayo, i-biometrics inokubangela ingxaki kubantu abanokukhubazeka kobuso okanye uluhlu olulinganiselweyo lwentshukumo. Ukujongana nengxaki yokufikeleleka kufuna ukucinga ngobuchule. Unokuqala ngokundwendwela iThuthoriyali yokuFikelela kwiWebhu ukulungiselela abaphuhlisi ukuqonda ngcono uyilo lwendalo yonke. Nangona ezi zifundo zijolise ngakumbi kumxholo kunokuqinisekiswa, usenokuzisebenzisela inzuzo yakho. Inqaku leDrafti leQela le-W3C lokungafikeleli kweCAPTCHA libonelela ngesikhokelo esifanelekileyo. Ukuqalisa kulula njengokuphanda ezona ndlela zilungileyo. Ukuqonda izinto ezisisiseko kubalulekile kuba akukho sisombululo siphela soyilo lwewebhu olufikelelekayo. Ukuba ufuna ukwandisa ukufikeleleka, cinga ngokufumana ingxelo evela kubantu abandwendwela iwebhusayithi yakho. UFundo olongezelelweyo
"I-CAPTCHA: Iimbono kunye nemingeni," uDarko Brodić kunye no-Alessia Amelio “Ukuyila iSibhalo esifikelelekayo ngaphezulu kweMifanekiso: ezona zenzo zilungileyo, ubuchwephesha kunye nezixhobo,” uHannah Milan. “Ukukhangela eyona CAPTCHA igqwesileyo,” uDavid Bushell “WCAG 3.0’s ecetywayo iModeli yaManqaku: A ShiftkuVavanyo lokuFikelela,” uMikhail Prosmitskiy
