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## Udonga Olukhulu: Umsebenzi obalulekileyo weTshayina yaMandulo
Udonga Olukhulu lwaseTshayina luthotho lweenqaba ezakhiweyo, zaphinda zakhiwa, zaze zagcinwa kangangeenkulungwane ngamaqela ahlukeneyo aseTshayina ukukhusela imida esemantla yoBukhosi baseTshayina kumaqela ahambahambayo eEurasian Steppe. Sesinye sezona zakhiwo zibalaseleyo nezinomtsalane ezakha zakhiwa ngabantu.
Nalu ucazululo oluneenkcukacha lwembali yayo, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokubaluleka:
### **Umxholo weMbali kunye neXesha**
* **Imvelaphi (kwinkulungwane yesi-7 ukuya kweyesi-3 BC):** Iindonga zokuqala zazakhiwe ngamaphondo ahlukeneyo ngexesha leNtwasahlobo nelaseNtwasahlobo kunye nexesha laMazwe alwayo. Ekuqaleni ezi yayiziindonga ezahlukeneyo ezazakhiwe ngamazwe ngamanye ukuze akhusele imimandla yawo omnye komnye nakwizizwe zasentla. * **I-Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC):** Emva kokumanyanisa iTshayina, uMlawuli uQin Shi Huang wadibanisa uninzi lwezi ndonga zikhoyo ukuze zenze umgca wokuzikhusela omanyeneyo ngokuchasene nezizwe zaseXiongnu ezisemantla. Oku kuhlala kuthathwa njengodonga olukhulu "lokuqala", nangona uninzi lwalo lwakhiwe ngomhlaba onqanyuliweyo kwaye aluzange luqhubeke. * **Ubukhosi bukaHan (206 BC – 220 AD):** Ubukhosi bakwaHan lwalwandisa udonga, lwandisa ngasentshona kwindawo ngoku eyiNtlango yaseGobi ukukhusela iindlela zorhwebo zeSilk Road. * **UMing Dynasty (1368-1644):** Olu lolona guqulelo ludumileyo nolugcinwe kakuhle eludongeni. Emva kokuwa kweYuan Dynasty ekhokelwa yiMongol, abalawuli beMing babezimisele ukuthintela olunye uhlaselo lwasentla. Bakha eyona nkqubo ibanzi nenqatyisiweyo yodonga, kuquka iinqaba zokulinda, iinqaba nezikhululo zemiqondiso. Uninzi lodonga esilubonayo namhlanje lwakhiwa okanye lwaqiniswa ngexesha leMing Dynasty.
### **Ulwakhiwo kunye neMathiriyeli**
Iindlela zokwakha nezinto zokwakha zazahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kumnombo, indawo nobuncwane obukhoyo.
* **UMhlaba oRammed:** Iindonga zangaphambili, ngakumbi ezo zakhiwa ngexesha le-Qin kunye ne-Han Dynasties, zazihlala zisakhiwa kusetyenziswa umhlaba onqanyuliweyo. Abasebenzi babeza kwenza umxube womhlaba, igrabile, nezinye izinto zasekuhlaleni, ezithi ke zidityaniswe phakathi kweendlela zomthi ukuze kwenziwe udonga oluqinileyo noluhlala luhleli. * **Ilitye kunye nezitena:** Ubukhosi be-Ming basebenzise kakhulu amatye kunye nezitena ezibaswe ngeonti, ezazinokomelela ngakumbi kunomhlaba onqanyuliweyo. Iibhloko zamatye zenze isiseko kunye nombindi, ngelixa izitena zazisetyenziselwa iileya zangaphandle. Udaka olusekelwe kwikalika lwalusoloko lusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokubopha. * **I-Tamped Earth:** Kweminye imimandla, ngakumbi kwimimandla esentshona enamatye amancinci, iindonga zazakhiwe kusetyenziswa umhlaba onompompo, apho iileya zomhlaba zadityaniswa ukuze zenze isakhiwo esiqinileyo. La macandelo akhukuliseke kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha. * **Ezinye Izinto:** Kwiintlango namathafa, izinto ezifana neengcongolo, isanti, nengqushu zazisetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa la macandelo ngawona alondolozwe kancinane.
### **Injongo kunye noMsebenzi**
Udonga Olukhulu lwalungelodonga olunye, oluqhubekayo kodwa inkqubo yokhuselo lomkhosi entsonkothileyo. Imisebenzi yayo ephambili ibandakanya:
* **UkuLawulwa kwemida:** Kwanceda ukulawula ukuhamba kwabantu kunye neempahla, ukuvumela ubukhosi baseTshayina ukuba bulawule urhwebo kunye nokufuduka ecaleni kweNdlela yeSilika kunye nezinye iindlela. * **Ukhuselo:** Yayingumqobo owoyikekayo ngokuchasene nohlaselo lwamajoni akhwele amahashe aphuma kwizizwe ezingoonothwal’ impahlana ezifana namaXiongnu, amaMongol, namaManchus. Amajoni amise eludongeni ayenokuzikhusela kuhlaselo aze abonise ukuqinisa esebenzisa iimpawu zomsi neebhakana. * **Unxibelelwano:** Udonga luququzelele ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kwemiyalezo ngobude balo, luvumela ukhuselo olulungelelanisiweyo kwimigama emide.
### **Iingcamango ezingezizo kunye neeNyaniso**
* **Intsomi:** Udonga Olukhulu lunokubonwa emajukujukwini ngeliso lenyama. Le yingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo. Ukusuka kwi-orbit yomhlaba ephantsi, kunzima kakhulu ukubona udonga ngaphandle koncedo. Ukususela eNyangeni, akunakwenzeka. * **Inyani:** UDonga Olukhulu alulodonga olunye kodwa luthungelwano lweendonga kunye neenqaba ezakhiwe kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini. Uqikelelo lobude bayo bubonke buyohluka kodwa bungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-21,000 (iikhilomitha ezili-13,000) xa kubalwa onke amasebe namacandelo awo. * **Inyani:** Ayilodonga nje kuphela kodwa yinkqubo ebandakanya iinqaba zokulinda, iinqaba, izikhululo zomkhosi, kunye nezikhululo zemiqondiso. * **Inyani:** Amacandelo amaninzi abuyiselwe kwaye ayindawo ethandwayo yabakhenkethi, ngelixa amanye engamabhodlo okanye enyamalele ngokupheleleyo.
### **Ukubaluleka namhlanje**
I-Great Wall yi-UNESCO World Heritage Site kunye nesimboliyempucuko yaseTshayina yokomelela kunye nobuchule bobunjineli. Yeyona ndawo inomtsalane kubakhenkethi kwaye ingumthombo wokuzingca kwesizwe. Ime njengobungqina bomzamo omkhulu kunye nokuzincama kwabasebenzi namajoni amaninzi awawakhayo aza awakhusela kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo.
#### Imithombo
* "Udonga olukhulu lwaseTshayina" nguWilliam Lindesay * Iziko leLifa leMveli leHlabathi le-UNESCO: "Udonga olukhulu" * "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni" nguWilliam Lindesay * "ITshayina: Imbali eNtsha" nguJohn King Fairbank * "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, 1000 BC - AD 2000" nguJulia Lovell
Le mpendulo isekelwe kwimvumelwano yembali kunye nemithombo yezemfundo. Ukuba uneminye imibuzo, ndingavuya ukunaba! 😊
---
**Imithombo:**
1. IZiko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 2. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 3. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 4. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 5. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 6. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 7. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 8. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 9. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 10. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 11. ULindesay, uWilliam. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 12. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 13. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 14. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 15. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 16. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 17. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 18. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 19. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 20. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 21. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 22. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 23. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 24. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 25. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 26. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 27. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 28. IZiko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 29. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 30. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 31. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 32. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 33. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 34. IZiko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 35. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 36. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 37. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 38. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 39. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 40. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 41. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 42. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 43. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." IYunivesithi yaseHarvardPress, 1992. 44. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 45. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 46. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 47. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 48. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 49. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 50. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 51. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 52. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 53. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 54. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 55. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 56. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 57. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 58. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 59. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 60. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 61. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 62. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 63. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 64. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 65. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 66. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 67. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 68. IZiko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 69. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 70. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 71. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 72. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 73. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 74. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 75. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 76. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 77. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 78. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 79. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 80. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 81. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 82. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 83. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 84. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 85. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 86. Iziko leLifa leMveli leHlabathi le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 87. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 88. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 89. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 90. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 91. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 92. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 93. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 94. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 95. Lindesay, William. "IUdonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 96. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 97. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 98. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 99. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 100. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438
Le mpendulo isekelwe kwimvumelwano yembali kunye nemithombo yezemfundo. Ukuba uneminye imibuzo, ndingavuya ukunaba! 😊
---
**Imithombo:**
1. IZiko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 2. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 3. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 4. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 5. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 6. Lindesay, William. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 7. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 8. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 9. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 10. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 11. ULindesay, uWilliam. "Udonga Olukhulu: Ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni." UFrances Lincoln, ngo-2007. 12. Lovell, Julia. "Udonga olukhulu: iChina ngokuchasene nehlabathi, i-1000 BC - AD 2000." Grove Press, 2006. 13. Fairbank, John King. "China: Imbali eNtsha." I-Harvard University Press, ngo-1992. 14. Iziko leLifa leMveli le-UNESCO. "Udonga Olukhulu." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438
