Hafi yimyaka 15, nakoraga muri societe aho twubatsemo porogaramu kubakozi bashinzwe ingendo, abakozi bikibuga cyindege, hamwe namasosiyete yindege. Twiyubakiye kandi murugo murwego rwibikoresho bya UI hamwe nubushobozi bwa page imwe. Twari dufite ibice kuri buri kintu: imirima, buto, tabs, urutonde, imibare yamakuru, menus, abatoranya amatariki, guhitamo, hamwe na byinshi. Twari dufite ibice bigize div. Ibice byacu bya div byari byiza cyane, byaduhaye uburenganzira bwo gukora impande zose kuri mushakisha zose, ibyo, kubyemera cyangwa kutabyemera, ntabwo byari ibintu byoroshye gukora icyo gihe.
Ibikorwa byacu byabaye mugihe cyamateka yacu mugihe JS, Ajax, na HTML ifite imbaraga byagaragaye nkimpinduramatwara yatuzaniye ejo hazaza. Mu buryo butunguranye, dushobora kuvugurura page mu buryo bworoshye, tukabona amakuru muri seriveri, kandi tukirinda kugendagenda ku zindi page, byagaragaye ko bitinze kandi bigatandukanya urukiramende runini rwera kuri ecran hagati yimpapuro zombi. Hariho interuro, yamamaye na Jeff Atwood (washinze StackOverflow), igira iti: “Porogaramu iyo ari yo yose ishobora kwandikwa muri JavaScript amaherezo izandikwa muri JavaScript.” - Jeff Atwood
Kuri twe icyo gihe, ibi byunvikana nkubutinyuka kujya mubyukuri gukora izo porogaramu. Numvaga ari icyemezo cyo gukora ikintu cyose hamwe na JS. Twakoze rero byose hamwe na JS, kandi ntabwo rwose twafashe umwanya wo gukora ubushakashatsi mubundi buryo bwo gukora ibintu. Ntabwo twigeze twumva dushishikajwe no kwiga neza icyo HTML na CSS bashobora gukora. Ntabwo rwose twigeze tubona urubuga nkurubuga rwa porogaramu igenda ihinduka. Twakunze kubona ko arikintu dukeneye gukorera hafi, cyane cyane kubijyanye no gushyigikira mushakisha. Turashobora guterera JS nyinshi kuri yo kugirango ibintu bishoboke. Ese gufata umwanya wo kwiga byinshi kubyerekeranye nurubuga rwakoraga nibiboneka kurubuga byamfashaga? Nibyo, birashoboka ko nashoboraga kogosha agace kode itari ikenewe mubyukuri. Ariko, icyo gihe, birashoboka ko atari byinshi. Urabona, itandukaniro rya mushakisha ryari rifite akamaro cyane icyo gihe. Iki cyari igihe Internet Explorer yari ikiri mushakisha yiganje, Firefox ikaba isegonda ya kabiri, ariko itangira gutakaza umugabane wisoko kubera Chrome yamenyekanye cyane. Nubwo Chrome na Firefox byari byiza cyane kumvikana kumurongo wurubuga, ibidukikije porogaramu zacu zakoraga bivuze ko tugomba gushyigikira IE6 igihe kirekire. Ndetse mugihe twemerewe gushyigikira IE8, twagombaga guhangana nibitandukaniro byinshi hagati ya mushakisha. Ntabwo aribyo gusa, ariko urubuga rwigihe ntirwigeze rufite ubwo bushobozi bwinshi bwubatswe kurubuga.
Ihute imbere uyu munsi. Ibintu byarahindutse cyane. Ntabwo dufite gusa ubwo bushobozi kuruta mbere hose, ariko igipimo kiboneka cyiyongereye kandi. Reka nongere mbaze ikibazo, hanyuma: Ese gufata umwanya wo kwiga byinshi kubyerekeranye nurubuga rukora nibiboneka kurubuga byagufasha uyumunsi? Yego rwose. Kwiga gusobanukirwa no gukoresha urubuga uyumunsi bigushyira kumurongo munini kurenza abandi bateza imbere. Waba ukora kumikorere, kugerwaho, kwitabira, byose hamwe, cyangwa kohereza gusa ibiranga UI, niba ushaka kubikora nka injeniyeri ubishinzwe, kumenya ibikoresho biboneka bigufasha kugera kuntego zawe vuba kandi nziza. Ibintu bimwe ushobora kuba udakeneye isomero kuri Anymore Kumenya ibyo mushakisha ishyigikira uyumunsi, ikibazo rero, ni iki: Niki dushobora gutobora? Dukeneye ibice bigize div kugirango dukore impande zose muri 2025? Birumvikana ko tutabikora. Umupaka-radiyo umutungo washyigikiwe nabashakishwa bose mumyaka irenga 15 muriki gihe. Kandi imfuruka-shusho nayo iraza vuba, kuri na fancier corner. Reka turebe ibintu bisa nkibya vuba biboneka muri mushakisha zose zikomeye, kandi ushobora gukoresha kugirango usimbuze ibintu biriho muri codebase yawe. Ingingo ntabwo ari uguhita usiba amasomero yawe yose ukunda hanyuma wandike codebase yawe. Kubijyanye nibindi byose, uzakenera gufata ubufasha bwa mushakisha mbere hanyuma ugahitamo ukurikije ibindi bintu byihariye umushinga wawe. Ibikurikira bikurikira bishyirwa mubikorwa muri moteri eshatu zingenzi za mushakisha (Chromium, WebKit, na Gecko), ariko urashobora kuba ufite ibyifuzo bitandukanye byingoboka bikubuza kubikoresha ako kanya. Ubu haracyari igihe cyiza cyo kwiga kubyerekeye ibiranga, nubwo, kandi wenda uteganya kubikoresha mugihe runaka. Amashanyarazi n'ibiganiro Popover API,
Nukuri, umuvuduko wawe wa enterineti ushobora kuba wiyongereye, kandi, ariko siko bimeze kubantu bose. Kandi ntabwo buriwese afite ubushobozi bwibikoresho bimwe. Gukurura kode yundi muntu kubintu ushobora gukora hamwe na platifomu, aho, birashoboka cyane ko wohereje kode nyinshi, bityo ukagera kubakiriya bake kurenza uko wasanzwe ubikora. Kurubuga, imikorere mibi yo gupakira iganisha ku gipimo kinini cyo gutererana kandi ikababaza izina. Gukoresha Kode Nto Kubikoresho Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, kode ukora yohereza kubikoresho byabakiriya bawe birashoboka ko ikora byihuse niba ikoresha abstraction nkeya ya JavaScript hejuru yurubuga. Birashoboka kandi ko byitabirwa cyane kandi bikagerwaho muburyo budasanzwe. Ibi byose biganisha kubakiriya benshi kandi bishimye. Reba mugenzi wanjye Alex Russell buri mwaka imikorere yubusumbane bwibikorwa byubusumbane, byerekana ko ibikoresho bihebuje bitaboneka cyane kumasoko hamwe na miliyari yabakoresha kubera ubusumbane bwubutunzi. Kandi iki cyuho kiriyongera gusa mugihe.
Yubatswe muri Masonry Urubuga rumwe rwurubuga ruza vuba kandi ndishimye cyane ni CSS Masonry.
Reka ntangire nsobanura Masonry icyo aricyo. Masonry Niki Masonry ni ubwoko bw'imiterere yamenyekanye na Pinterest mu myaka yashize. Irema inzira yigenga yibirimo ibintu bipakira hafi yo gutangira inzira uko bashoboye.
Abantu benshi babona Masonry nkuburyo bwiza kuri portfolios na galeries yamafoto, ibyo rwose birashoboka. Ariko Masonry iroroshye guhinduka kuruta ibyo ubona kuri Pinterest, kandi ntabwo igarukira gusa kumiterere imeze nkisumo. Muburyo bwa Masonry:
Inzira zirashobora kuba inkingi cyangwa umurongo:
Gukurikirana ibirimo ntabwo byose bigomba kuba bingana:
Ibintu birashobora kumara inzira nyinshi:
Ibintu birashobora gushirwa kumurongo wihariye; ntibagomba guhora bakurikiza algorithm yo gushyira mu buryo bwikora:
Demo Hano hari demo nkeya nakoze nkoresheje ishyirwa mubikorwa rya CSS Masonry muri Chromium. Ifoto yerekana amafoto yerekana, yerekana uburyo ibintu (umutwe muriki kibazo) bishobora kumara inzira nyinshi:
Iyindi foto yerekana amafoto yerekana ubunini butandukanye:
Imiterere yurubuga rwamakuru hamwe numurongo mugari kuruta iyindi, nibintu bimwe bizenguruka ubugari bwose bwimiterere:
Ikibaho cya kanban cyerekana ko ibintu bishobora gushyirwa kumurongo wihariye:
Icyitonderwa :.demo zabanje zakozwe hamwe na verisiyo ya Chromium itaraboneka kubakoresha urubuga benshi, kuko CSS Masonry itangiye gushyirwa mubikorwa gusa muri mushakisha. Ariko, abategura urubuga bishimiye gukoresha amasomero kugirango bashire imiterere ya Masonry mumyaka yashize. Imbuga Ukoresha Masonry Uyu munsi Mubyukuri, Masonry arasanzwe kurubuga kurubu. Dore ingero nke nabonye usibye Kurubuga:
Kandi bike, bitagaragara, ingero:
None, iyi miterere yashizweho ite? Imirimo Amayeri imwe nabonye yakoreshejwe ni ugukoresha imiterere ya Flexbox aho, guhindura icyerekezo cyayo ku nkingi, no kuyishyiraho. Ubu buryo, urashobora gushyira ibintu byuburebure butandukanye muburyo bwinshi, bwigenga, utanga ishusho yimiterere ya Masonry:
Hariho, ariko, inzitizi ebyiri hamwe niki gikorwa:
Itondekanya ryibintu bitandukanye nibyo byaba hamwe na Masonry nyayo. Hamwe na Flexbox, ibintu byuzuza inkingi yambere hanyuma, iyo byuzuye, hanyuma ujye kumurongo ukurikira. Hamwe na Masonry, ibintu byakurikirana muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose (cyangwa inkingi muriki kibazo) bifite umwanya uhari. Ariko nanone, kandi ahari cyane cyane, iyi myitozo isaba ko washyiraho uburebure buhamye kuri kontineri ya Flexbox; bitabaye ibyo, nta gupfunyika kwabaho.
Isomero rya gatatu-Amasomero ya Masonry Kubibazo byinshi byateye imbere, abitezimbere bagiye bakoresha amasomero. Isomero rizwi cyane kandi rizwi cyane kuri ibi ryitwa Masonry gusa, kandi rikururwa inshuro zigera ku 200.000 buri cyumweru nkuko NPM ibivuga. Squarespace nayo itanga ibice byerekana imiterere ya Masonry, kubindi bitari code, kandi imbuga nyinshi zirazikoresha. Izi nzira zombi zikoresha code ya JavaScript kugirango ushire ibintu muburyo. Yubatswe muri Masonry Nishimiye rwose ko Masonry atangiye kugaragara muri mushakisha nk'iyubatswe muri CSS. Igihe kirenze, uzashobora gukoresha Masonry nkuko ukora Grid cyangwa Flexbox, ni ukuvuga, udakeneye akazi cyangwa kode yundi muntu. Itsinda ryanjye muri Microsoft ryashyize mubikorwa inkunga ya Masonry mumushinga wa Chromium ufungura isoko, Edge, Chrome, nabandi bashakisha benshi bashingiye. Mozilla mubyukuri niwe wacuruzaga mushakisha wa mbere watanze igitekerezo cyo gushyira mu bikorwa Masonry mu mwaka wa 2020. Kandi Apple nayo yashishikajwe no gukora iyi miterere mishya y'urubuga. Igikorwa cyo gutunganya ibiranga nacyo kigenda gitera imbere, hamwe n'amasezerano mumatsinda ya CSS yerekeranye nicyerekezo rusange ndetse nuburyo bushya bwo kwerekana: grid-lane. Niba ushaka kumenya byinshi kuri Masonry no gukurikirana iterambere, reba urupapuro rwumutungo wa CSS Masonry. Mugihe, mugihe Masonry ahindutse Ibanze, nka Grid cyangwa Flexbox, tuzashobora kuyikoresha gusa kandi twungukire:
Imikorere myiza, Kwitabira neza, Kuborohereza gukoresha na kode yoroshye.
Reka dusuzume neza ibi. Imikorere myiza Gukora sisitemu yawe bwite ya Masonry, cyangwa gukoresha isomero ryabandi bantu, bivuze ko ugomba gukoresha code ya JavaScript kugirango ushire ibintu kuri ecran. Ibi bivuze kandi ko iyi code izatanga guhagarika. Mubyukuri, ntakintu kizagaragara, cyangwa ibintu ntibizaba ahantu heza cyangwa mubunini bukwiye, kugeza iyo code ya JavaScript ikora. Imiterere ya Masonry ikunze gukoreshwa kubice byingenzi byurupapuro rwurubuga, bivuze ko kode yaba itumye ibyingenzi byawe bigaragara nyuma kurenza uko byari bimeze ukundi, gutesha agaciro LCP yawe, cyangwa Ibinini binini birimo Paint metric, bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa bigaragara no gukora moteri ishakisha. Nagerageje isomero rya Masonry JS nkoresheje imiterere yoroshye no kwigana gahoro gahoro ya 4G muri DevTools. Isomero ntabwo rinini cyane (24KB, 7.8KB gzipped), ariko byafashe 600m kugirango bipakurure mubihe byanjye. Dore inyandiko yerekana yerekana ko uburebure bwa metero 600 zipakurura isomero rya Masonry, kandi ko ntakindi gikorwa cyo gutanga cyabaye mugihe ibyo byaberaga:
Mubyongeyeho, nyuma yigihe cyambere cyo kwikorera, inyandiko yakuweho noneho yari ikeneye gusesengurwa, gukusanywa, hanyuma ikore. Byose, nkuko byavuzwe mbere, byabuzaga guhindura page. Hamwe na Masonry yashyizwe mubikorwa muri mushakisha, ntituzagira inyandiko yo kwikorera no gukora. Moteri ya mushakisha izakora gusa ibyayo mugihe cyambere cyo gutanga intambwe. Kwitabira neza Bisa nigihe urupapuro rwambere ruremereye, guhindura idirishya rya mushakisha biganisha ku guhindura imiterere kururwo rupapuro. Kuri ubu, nubwo, niba page ikoresha isomero rya Masonry JS, nta mpamvu yo kongera gupakira inyandiko, kuko yamazehano. Ariko, code yimura ibintu ahantu heza igomba gukora. Noneho iri somero ryihariye risa nkihuta cyane kubikora mugihe page iremereye. Ariko, ikora ibintu mugihe bakeneye kwimukira ahantu hatandukanye kuri idirishya rinini, kandi ibi bigira itandukaniro rinini. Nibyo, abakoresha ntibamara umwanya bahindura Windows ya mushakisha nkuko natwe abiteza imbere tubikora. Ariko iyi animasiyo ya animasiyo irashobora kuba nziza kandi ikongerera igihe kigaragara bifata kugirango page ihuze nubunini bwayo bushya. Kuborohereza Gukoresha Kandi Kode yoroshye Nigute byoroshye gukoresha ibiranga urubuga nuburyo byoroshye code isa nibintu byingenzi bishobora guhindura itandukaniro rinini kumurwi wawe. Ntibashobora na rimwe kuba ingenzi nkuburambe bwanyuma bwabakoresha, birumvikana, ariko uburambe bwabateza imbere bugira ingaruka kubukomeza. Gukoresha urubuga rwubatswe ruzana inyungu zingenzi kuruhande:
Abashoramari basanzwe bazi HTML, CSS, na JS birashoboka cyane ko bazashobora gukoresha iyo mikorere byoroshye kuko yashizweho kugirango ihuze neza kandi ihuze nibindi bisigaye kurubuga. Nta ngaruka zo guca impinduka zitangizwa muburyo ibiranga bikoreshwa. Hano hari ibyago hafi ya zeru biranga guteshwa agaciro cyangwa kutamenyekana.
Kubijyanye na Masonry yubatswe, kubera ko ari imiterere yambere, uyikoresha uhereye kuri CSS, nka Grid cyangwa Flexbox, nta JS irimo. Na none, indi miterere ijyanye na CSS imitungo, nkicyuho, kora nkuko ubyifuza. Nta mayeri cyangwa akazi ko kumenya, kandi ibintu wiga byanditse kuri MDN. Kuri Masonry JS lib, gutangiza ni ibintu bitoroshye: bisaba ibiranga amakuru hamwe na syntax yihariye, hamwe nibintu bya HTML byihishe kugirango ushireho inkingi nubunini buke. Byongeye, niba ushaka kuzenguruka inkingi, ugomba gushyiramo ingano yubusa kugirango wirinde ibibazo:
Reka tubigereranye nuburyo bwubatswe muri Masonry bwaba bumeze:
Byoroheje, byoroshye kode ishobora gukoresha gusa ibintu nkicyuho kandi aho inzira yo kuzenguruka ikorwa hamwe na span 2, kimwe no muri gride, kandi ntibigusaba kubara ubugari bwiburyo burimo ubunini bwikinyuranyo. Nigute Wamenya Ibiboneka Nigihe Bihari? Muri rusange, ikibazo ntabwo mubyukuri niba ugomba gukoresha Masonry yubatswe hejuru yububiko bwibitabo bwa JS, ahubwo ni ryari. Isomero rya Masonry JS riratangaje kandi rimaze imyaka myinshi ryuzuza icyuho cyurubuga, kandi kubantu benshi bishimye hamwe nabakoresha. Ifite ibibi bike iyo ubigereranije nubushakashatsi bwakozwe muri Masonry, birumvikana, ariko ibyo ntabwo ari ngombwa niba iryo shyirwa mubikorwa rititeguye. Biranyoroheye kurutonde rwibintu bishya byurubuga rwiza kuko nkora ku mucuruzi wa mushakisha, bityo nkaba nkunda kumenya ibizaza. Ariko abitezimbere bakunze gusangira, ubushakashatsi nyuma yubushakashatsi, ko gukurikirana ibintu bishya bigoye. Kugumya kumenyesha biragoye, kandi ibigo ntabwo buri gihe bishyira imbere kwiga uko byagenda kose. Gufasha hamwe nibi, dore ibikoresho bike bitanga ibishya muburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye kugirango ubashe kubona amakuru ukeneye vuba:
Urubuga rugaragaza urubuga rwabashakashatsi: Urashobora gushimishwa nurupapuro rwasohotse. Kandi, niba ukunda RSS, reba inyandiko zisohora ibiryo, kimwe na Baseline Nshya Iboneka kandi Byagutse Byagabanijwe.
UrubugaIkibaho cya platifomu: Urashobora gukunda page yumwaka itandukanye.
Urupapuro rwerekana ikarita ya Chrome.
Niba ufite umwanya muto, ushobora no gushimishwa nabacuruzi ba mushakisha inyandiko zisohora:
Chrome Impande Firefox Safari
Kubindi bikoresho byinshi, reba kuri Navigating ya Web Platform Cheatsheet. Ikintu Cyanjye Ntikirashyirwa mubikorwa Ngiyo kurundi ruhande rwikibazo. Nubwo wabona umwanya, imbaraga, nuburyo bwo gukurikirana, haracyariho gucika intege kumva ijwi ryawe nibintu ukunda bishyirwa mubikorwa. Birashoboka ko utegereje imyaka myinshi kugirango ikosa runaka rikemuke, cyangwa uburyo bwihariye bwo kohereza muri mushakisha aho bikibura. Icyo nzavuga ni abacuruzi ba mushakisha bumve. Ndi mubice byinshi byambukiranya amashyirahamwe aho tuganira kubimenyetso byabateza imbere nibitekerezo igihe cyose. Turareba amasoko menshi atandukanye yo gutanga ibitekerezo, haba imbere muri buri mucuruzi wa mushakisha ndetse no hanze / rusange kumahuriro, imishinga ifungura isoko, blog, nubushakashatsi. Kandi, burigihe turagerageza gukora inzira nziza kubateza imbere gusangira ibyo bakeneye no gukoresha imanza. Niba rero ubishoboye, nyamuneka saba byinshi kubacuruzi ba mushakisha hanyuma uduhatire gushyira mubikorwa ukeneye. Ndabona ko bisaba igihe, kandi birashobora no gutera ubwoba (tutibagiwe n'inzitizi ndende yo kwinjira), ariko kandi birakora. Dore inzira nkeya ushobora kumva ijwi ryawe (cyangwa isosiyete yawe) ryumvikana: Fata buri mwaka Leta ya JS, Leta ya CSS, na Leta ya HTML ubushakashatsi. Bafite uruhare runini muburyo abacuruzi ba mushakisha bashyira imbere akazi kabo. Niba ukeneye API yihariye ishingiye kubikorwa kugirango ishyirwe mubikorwa buri gihe kuri mushakisha, tekereza gutanga icyifuzo mugihe gikurikira umushinga wa Interop. Bisaba igihe kinini, ariko tekereza uburyo Guhindura hamwe na RUMvision basangiye urutonde rwibyifuzo byabo kuri Interop 2026.Ibisobanuro birambuye nkibi birashobora kuba ingirakamaro cyane kubacuruzi ba mushakisha gushyira imbere. Kubindi bisobanuro byingirakamaro kugirango uhindure abacuruzi ba mushakisha, reba my Navigating the Web Platform Cheatsheet. Umwanzuro Gufunga, nizere ko iyi ngingo yagusigiye ibintu bike byo gutekereza:
Ibyishimo kuri Masonry nibindi bikoresho biranga urubuga. Urubuga ruto ushobora kuba ushaka gutangira gukoresha. Ibice bike byimigenzo cyangwa kode-y-ishyaka rya 3 ushobora gushobora gukuraho ushigikira ibintu byubatswe. Inzira nke zo gukurikirana ibizaza no kugira ingaruka kubacuruzi ba mushakisha.
Icyingenzi cyane, nizere ko nakwemereye ibyiza byo gukoresha urubuga kurubuga rwuzuye.
